VOCABULARY

                                       VOCABULARY  GEOMETRY                                           

BASIC GEOMETRY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS    

                                                                                                                                

GEOMETRY: It's  an area of knowledge wich studies any elements and operation on or in the plane  , such as points , lines or shapes . It comes from the Greek                                                                   

                                                                                                            POINT : In geometry a point can be defined as the place or location where two lines intersect. A point  hus not dimensions , no height and no width.

LINE : A one - dimmensional object formed of infinite points . It has not end points and continues of forever in a plane 

RAY : A line wich begins at a particular point ( called the endpoint) and extends endlessly in one direction

MINDPOINT: It is the point that is halfway between the endpoints of the line segment

ENDPOINT : And endpoint is a point at wich a line segment ray ends or starts

LINE SEGMENT : It is a line with two endpoints

LENGHT : Measurament of something from end to end

   GEOMETRY DRAWING AND SUPPLIES CONCEPTS                                       AND DEFINITION

FREEHAND : Draw by hand without guiding instruments , mensurements…

LINE / TECHNICAL DRAWING: It is a drawing made with the help of supplies . It is usually the kind of drawing used for architecture or enginering plans 

COMPASS : It is a tool for drawing circles and arcs and also for measuring distance between points , consisting in two arm linked by hingle

PROTACTOR : An instrument for measuring or drawing angles on paper , usualy a flat semicircular transparent plastic sheet graduated in degrees.

SET SQUARES : There are two special rulers with triangular shape . One is called the 45º triangle and other 60º/30º triangle . Both have 90º angle . They are used for making different angles 

ERASER : Use for eliminate mistakes

RULER : For making lines 

LINE SEGMENT COPYING : Given the segment AB , copy with the same lenght with a compass

       IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ABOUT CIRCLES

CIRCLE : Set of points at the same distance 

CIRCUNFERENCE : It is the full length of a circle

RADIUS : It is a lengthof a line segment from the center to it is perimeter (radiuses PLU)

DIAMETER : It's a line segment that pases from the middle of the circunference and conects two points of a circle  It's  lengthis doublé tan the radius 

CHORAL : A line segment wich conects two points of the circle . NOT through the center

ARC: Segment of a circle

ARROW : It's a line segment enter chord and arc pass to the center

IMPORTANT DEFNITIONS ABOUT ANGLES AND LINES

PARALLELS : They are two lines wich never intersect themselves so all their points are equidistant 

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PERPENDICULAR : They are lines wich meet forming four right angle = 90º    

   

         

OBLIQUE : When two lines cross but not forming any angles

ANGLES : It's a figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint ( vertex )                                    r

                                                     Vs

                TYPES OF ANGLES ( POSITION )

COMPLEMENTARY : They are couples of angles witch sum is 90º

SUPLEMENTARY : They are couples of angles witch sum is 90º

                            TYPES OF ANGLES

      THE ANGLE BISECTOR 

When I divide an angle in two equals parts

OPERATION WITH ANGLES : 1 ADITION                                                                   

                                          2 SUBRACTION

                                                                                 3 MULTIPLY

                                                                                 4 DIVIDE 

                                  POLYGONS 


* Number of sides and names    *Triangles (3) 
                                                   * Quadrilaterals (4)
                                                   * Pentagon (5)
                                                   * Hexagon (6)
                                                   * Heptagon (7)  

                                                   *Octogon (8)
                                                   *Decagon (10)
                                                   *Dodecagon (12)

* Convex

* Concave

* Regular

* Irregular

* Start Polygons

* Elements   * Sides 
                     * Diagonals 
                     * Verties
                     * Altitude 


STAR POLYGONE :It´s a particular polygon case with a star shape , created out of linking together non consecutive vertices of a regular polygon.

INSCRIBED POLYGONS : They are polygons place inside circles so all the vertex of the polygon are placed on the circle.

CONVEX POLYGON : Any line draw throught the polygon meets its boudary exactly twice

 NON - CONVEX (CONCAVE) : A line maybe found which meets its boundary more than twice 

THE TRIANGLES : It´s a flat figure with three sides and three angles.


*Equilateral
*Isoscels
*Scalene
*Right
*Acute
*Obtuse

QUADRILATERAL: They are polygons with four sides and four angles

*Parallelograms : They are quadrilaterals with two sides of parallel opposite equal sides and two pairs opposite equal angles 

*Square
*Rectangle
*Rhombus
*Rhomboid

*Trapeziums : Only one pair of sides are parallel 

*Right
*Isoscels
*Scalen
*Trapezode

Some exercises….
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SYMMETRY:It's a quality of some shapes which some of their parts are reflections of other.


                                    AXIS SYMMETRY
           

  

                              CENTER SYMMETRY

                    

STAR POLYGONS

STAR HEXAGON

BASIC ELEMENTS OF VISUAL REPRESENTATION

Dot: It's a smallest and most simple element in art expression. It's first taget is to indicate a position since it doesn't follow any direction. It may have different qualities size, shape and color.

The dot three-dimensional capacity: When the size, shapes and colours are changed, the dot can créate visual sensations of spacial deepness and volumen.                                                                       

The dot expressive capacity: The part has an unlimited capacity to represent images and to express ideas  and emotions. To do so  unusual effect are used.                                                             

Optical mix: When colours are mixed with the help of the distance. Point isn't mixed on the palette or on the painting. The optical mix was used first by the pointillists.                                                      

Lines: It can be defined as a dot in movement. It has position and direction in the space and one of it's principal function consiston marking the shapes outlines.

 *Zig-Zag or broken lines: They are formed by severad fragments of straight lines with different directions.

*Wavy Line: They are formed by several fragments of curved lines.

*Curly lines: They hold more curves tan wavy lines and show    loops.

*Scribble line: Chaotic or meaningless lines that are traced randomly, usually in first stages of chilhood or to fill in some área with a particular texture.

Hatching: It's a way of shaching or giving tones to the áreas of objects or surfaces with parallel lines.

Cross Hatching: It's a way of shading áreas of a drawing or surfaces with parallel lines in several directions.

 Dashed (or clotted) lines: They are lines wich are not continius, formed by Little bacesor lines. 

Blurred: They are very soft or vanished so they are hard to see and opposite to intense and Deep.

Simple lines: Those that are formed by only one line.

Composite lines: They are lines composed by fragments  of several straight and curved lines.

Expressiveness of lines:

* Vertical line expressiveness: The express an ascendent movement, depending on how they are used.

* Horizontal lines expressiveness: They produced visual feeling of stability and colmness or tranquility but they can be mandone if they used too much.

* Skeiw line expressiveness: They produced unsteadiness and movement feelings. These feelings give inclined lines and sensation of dymnamisim. 

                  DEFINITIONS ABOUT THE PLANE.

Plane: Also called shape in visual arts. Its could be a spot or a brush stroke. It is a two- dimensional Surface, height and widht but not depht. It has position and direction on the space.

The plane three-dimensional capacity: One of the main goals of the plane consist on creating volumen when a flat shapes get toghether in different directions.

Flat organic shapes: They follow natiral principes and can take countiess apariences.

Flat geometric shapes: They follow mathematical principes. In visual art there are three main basic geometric shapes, circle, square and triangle.

                       DEFINITIONS ABOUT TEXTURE.

Texture: It is the visual and tactile quality of the Surfaces to the material.

Táctil textures: Are those that can be percived throught the sense of touch.

Visual Texture: Those wich can only be percived throught the sense of sight.

Natural texture: Those that can be found in nature.

Artificial texture: Are those created by the human beging manualthy or mecanically.

Rubbing technique: It consist on frictioning or rubbing a crayón or colored pencil on a thin wich is over a Surface with tactile texture so the texture gets copied on the paper.

Scratechboarding: It is usually done with waxed colours and it consist on giving two coats of color to the media being. The second  one darker, so when scarching over the first layer the second one shows up. 

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ABOUT COLOUR.

Colour: It is a basic element of visual language. It is a light impression tht arrives to the eyes which send the information to the brain.

Primary:                    Secondary:

*Red                          *Cian
*Green                       *Yellow
*Blue V                     *Magent                          

Pigment: It's a poder that you use to do a colour. 

THE THREE PROPERTIES OF COLOUR.

Hue: Also called tone , it is the name of the colour defined by it's wavelenght.

Saturation: Degree of purity of a colour is very saturated it means that it is very pure and doesn't have many colours in it's mix.

Value: Sometimes called brightness or luminosity. It's the amount of black or White that a colour has in it mix.